2016年托福語法解析：名詞
正確區(qū)分可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞、正確選擇可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、名詞之前的限定詞與名詞數(shù)(單復(fù)數(shù))之間的關(guān)系以及名詞在句子中承擔(dān)的成分是TOEFL中常考的內(nèi)容。
1. 重要的名詞
(1)重要的可數(shù)名詞
discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population, efforts, effect, animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device, structure, human, human being, system, fashion, resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type, kind, influence, emotion, change
(2)常見的不可數(shù)名詞
① 流體：air, smoke, coffee, oil
② 自然現(xiàn)象：thunder, weather, darkness, [a heavy rain, raindrops]
③ 微粒：sugar, salt, rice, powder, dust
④ 抽象名詞：intelligence(情報(bào)), evidence, wisdom, advice
⑤ 學(xué)科：mathematics, economics, statistics (統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)，作統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)講時(shí)可數(shù)), physics, politics, mechanics, genetics遺傳學(xué), geology， geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology, history
⑥ 醫(yī)學(xué)疾病：measles(麻疹), mumps(腮腺炎), diabetes(糖尿病)
⑦ 總稱名詞：furniture, luggage, clothing, equipment, poetry, jewelry, machinery, weaponry, scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, foliage, advertising(廣告業(yè)), health
例題: 交易
Historians (believe that) some (forms) of (an advertising) must be as old (as barter) and trade.
答案: C an advertisingàadvertising
(3)常見不規(guī)則單復(fù)數(shù)，一般考復(fù)數(shù)
man/men, woman/women, tooth/teeth, foot/feet, goose/geese, basis/bases, analysis/analyses, crisis/crises, hypothesis/hypotheses, axis/axes, alga/algae, larva/larvae, fungus/fungi, stimulus/stimuli, datum/data, bacterium/bacteria, medium/media, spectrum/spectra, mouse/mice, child/children, phenomenon/phenomena
(4)常見的單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞(注意魚!好多魚~)
aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, means,(sheep, deer, bison, salmon, trout, carp, fish)
·-craft后綴單復(fù)數(shù)相同
(5)只能用復(fù)數(shù)的名詞：
clothes, fireworks, riches, wages, ashes, thanks, sweets, scissors, spectacles, trousers
集合名詞：people(人們，作民族時(shí)可數(shù)), folk(人們), cattle(牛), police, livestock(牲畜)
(6)單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同的名詞
air- airs(氣派) good(好處，利益)- goods(貨物) part- parts(才能，劃線永遠(yuǎn)對(duì))
mean(均值/中間)- means(手段/財(cái)富) arm- arms(武器) custom(習(xí)俗)- customs(海關(guān))
letter- letters(文學(xué)) spectacle(光景)- spectacles(眼鏡) force- forces(武裝部隊(duì))
water- waters(水域，劃線永遠(yuǎn)對(duì)) sky- skies(氣候)
(7)既有可數(shù)又有不可數(shù)]的名詞(注意有無數(shù)的概念，具體還是抽象)
sugar, cloth, detail, light, science, form, interest, color, disease, illness, rock, stone, matter, food, culture, noise, liquid, solid, gas, climate, film, material, population, temperature, experience, speech, use, life, action
work(工作，作品)- works(工廠，工程，工事，著作) area(面積)- areas(區(qū)域，領(lǐng)域)
time(時(shí)間)- times(倍數(shù)，此書，時(shí)代) paper(紙)- papers(報(bào)告，文件)
collection(不同種收藏品組成的集)- collections(同種藏品的集) room(空間)- rooms(房間)
18 pieces of newspaper/ 18 newspapers (報(bào)紙種類) art/ in art/ .be described as an art/ all arts
land(面積)-lands(區(qū)域)
注意：* 當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞與種類相關(guān)時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞：a vacuum, a liquid, foods, beverages(飲料)
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