2016年雅思寫作(IELTS)運用遣詞取得高分
詞匯的重要性，包括遣詞和造句兩個方面。這一系列中，小編將為大家介紹其中之一，如何達到遣詞的高分。
遣詞要做到恰當、有變化及具體表達
I 恰當
所謂恰當，除了拼寫準確外，主要是體現在搭配恰當上。例如，修飾名詞的形容詞和名詞必須搭配恰當，動詞和賓語必須搭配恰當。此外，寫作時不能完全依賴翻譯，尤其是詞不達意的翻譯。否則，很有可能出現了錯誤的搭配，導致考官無法理解，下面是朗閣海外考試研究中心總結的一些常見的搭配錯誤：
1. prompt &promote
不少考生沒法區分兩個詞prompt(促使)和promote(促進)之間的區別。我們通過兩個句子來看一下。
錯誤用法：There are three factors that promote people to go abroad.
正確用法：There are three factors that prompt people to go abroad.
2. enrich & make … prosper
有些學生將enrich理解為“使 富裕”，雖然不能說全錯，但是現在主要的意思是“使 豐富”，如詞組：enrich one’s experience。
錯誤用法： Factories, which enrich the remote areas for example, may also lead to environmental problems.
正確用法： Factories which make the remote areas prosper, for example, may also lead to environmental problems.
3. train & develop
表示“培養，養成”等意思時，容易不假思索地使用train，但是正確的詞匯是develop, cultivate, nurture等。如：
錯誤用法： The younger generations are hoped to train their independence as soon as possible.
正確用法： The younger generations are hoped to develop their independence as soon as possible.
II 有變化
所謂有變化，就是指考生在寫作中，一個詞最好只出現一次，第二次或后幾次出現時用其他的詞來替換。替換的方法有同義詞，語法結構的變化，以及下義詞等方法。下面朗閣海外考試研究中心將為考生們一一講解。
1. 同義詞
關于老年人的話題在新托福考試中曾經出現過，情況對“老年人”的多樣表達：
the elderly, the old, the aged, ageing population, the retired, senior citizens
下面是新托福材料中，摘抄的兩段話，非常形象的體現了一個詞的多樣表達，先看第一段，請大家注意“奇怪的”這個詞在這一段話中的使用：
Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures, especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?
又如，在下文中，四個詞形式不同，但都是“顯著的”意思。
In 1900, the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents---New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy. The population of Los Angeles(114000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles.
為了做到用詞有變化，朗閣海外考試研究中心為大家列舉了托福寫作中最常用的一些詞的同義表達：
同意v: accede to, agree with/on, approve of, consent to, subscribe to, side with
認為v: consider, deem, figure, reckon, believe, think, say, hold, claim, assume, argue, maintain, contend, assert, state, declare
影響n: impact, influence, effect, implication, affection
因素n: factor, contributor, ingredient, element
促進v: enhance, improve, promote, boost， advance, further
培養v: cultivate, foster, develop, nurture
重要的adj: important, critical, crucial, major, essential, vital, main, pivotal
明顯的adj: manifest, apparent, evident, obvious
大量的: myriads of, a host of, a multitude of, a great deal of, a vast number of(+cn) , a vast amount of (+un), a plenty of, a wide range of, a great variety of
2. 語法結構的變化
語法的變化指的是，將一個詞從語法結構上做一個變化來體現多樣性，常見的有詞性變化，從句和分詞的轉變等等。請看下面的'例子：
energy consumption = energy which is consumed = energy consumed
the production of ozone-damaging gases
= the amount of gases which are produced to damage the ozone layer
3. 下義詞
所謂下義關系，亦稱種屬關系，就是指幾個單詞的詞義屬于另一個詞的詞義范疇。充分利用下義關系是強化單詞記憶的好方法，這在復習階段尤其如此。
1). Color
其下義詞有：white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, orange等;
2). Subject
的下義詞有：maths, physics, chemistry, politics, Chinese, biology等;
3). profession
其下義詞有：doctor, teacher, accountant, president, lawyer等;
4). means of transportation
其下義詞有：car, bus, subway, bicycle, ship等。
以上介紹的三種方法對考生的同意轉換能力提供參考。
III 具體表達
中國學生對詞匯的運用或觀點的表達都喜歡用籠統的概括的表達方法，然而這和新托福的用詞要求是不吻合的。外國人在表示任何一個對象的時候都是非常具體的。
1). 籠統：This room is good.
具體：The room is clean, spacious and well-decorated.
第一句很空洞，說完后不會給人留下任何印象，是一句廢話，然而第二句勝在具體，能夠將房間具體好在哪些方面反映出來，這也是托福寫作所要求的具體表達。
2). 籠統： It is said that a magnificent building was destroyed yesterday.
具體： The local news says that the University Inn was burnt down last night.
第一句的籠統在兩個詞，一是magnificent，二是was destroyed，如果將這個樓和被破壞的具體方式體現出來，會更生動形象。